Other translations are possible as well, as variations exist in Japanese esoteric Buddhism. ![]() According to the Baopuzi, the kuji is a prayer to avert difficulties and baleful influences and to ensure things proceed without difficulty. ![]() To this end it can be said that the primary purpose of kuji is abhisheka (正灌頂, shōkanjō) and exorcism (調伏, chōbuku). The Taoist kuji are next cited in a text called The commentary on the discourse about the Sutra on Immeasurable Life, and on the verses about the vow to be reborn (無量壽經優婆提舍願生偈註, Wúliàng shòu jīng yōu pó tí shě yuàn shēng jì zhù), also known as the Commentary on the treatise on rebirth in the Pure Land (往生論註, Wǎngshēng lùn zhù) written by Taluan (467?–542? CE). How the kuji arrived in Japan is still a matter of debate. Some contemporary scholars assert that the kuji arrived in Japan via China through Jōdo-shū and Shugendō around the 8th century, if not much later. Others assert that they were introduced by Korea. ![]() As to what the kuji consisted of at the time it arrived in Japan is unknown.
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